From 2003 to 2012, patent infringement and nullity issues fell within the competence of the specialised industrial and intellectual property chambers, that had been established within 12 Italian courts and courts of appeal, namely in Bari, Bologna, Catania, Florence, Genoa, Milan, Naples, Palermo, Rome, Trieste, Turin and Venice. Despite the formal qualification as ‘specialised’, the degree of experience in patent issues varied considerably from one chamber to another. A certain degree of experience had been built up in Milan, Rome, Turin and Venice, whereas experience was lower or nil in other chambers.